The photoperiod is an important environmental factor for sensing seasonal changes. To adapt to seasonal environmental changes, animals adequately modulate their physiological status and behavior according to each season. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Įxcitatory amino acid transporter 2 GluCl, This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Received: JanuAccepted: JPublished: September 6, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Hasebe, Shiga. Shaw, Washington University, St.Louis, MO 63110, UNITED STATES Our results reveal that the extracellular glutamate dynamics are photoperiodically regulated depending on the clock gene and play an essential role in the photoperiodic control of reproduction via inhibitory pathways.Ĭitation: Hasebe M, Shiga S (2022) Clock gene-dependent glutamate dynamics in the bean bug brain regulate photoperiodic reproduction. Additionally, combination of electrophysiology and genetics revealed that knockdown of got, gs, and glucl disrupted cellular photoperiodic responses of the PI neurons, in addition to reproductive phenotypes. Electrophysiological analyses showed that L-Glutamate acts as an inhibitory signal to PI neurons via glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl). Further, we investigated glutamate-mediated photoperiodic modulations at a cellular level, focusing on the pars intercerebralis (PI) neurons that photoperiodically change their neural activity and promote oviposition. We also demonstrated that genetic modulation of glutamate dynamics by knockdown of glutamate-metabolizing enzyme genes, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase ( got) and glutamine synthetase ( gs), attenuated photoperiodic responses in reproduction. The photoperiodic change in glutamate levels was clearly abolished by knockdown of the clock gene period. Extracellular glutamate levels in the whole brain were significantly higher under short-day conditions, which cause a reproductive diapause, than those under long-day conditions. Here, we focused on brain extracellular dynamics of a classical neurotransmitter glutamate, which is widely used for brain neurotransmission, and analyzed its involvement in photoperiodic responses using the bean bug Riptortus pedestris that shows clear photoperiodism in reproduction. However, circadian clock-driven neural signals in the brain that convey photoperiodic information remain unclear. Many animals sense photoperiod for seasonal adaptation, and the circadian clock is suggested to play an essential role in photoperiodic time measurement. Animals adequately modulate their physiological status and behavior according to the season.
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